 |
|
|
Annotated Bibliography to "Little Bubba's not ready for Nashville yet"
CHAPTER REFERENCES
Preface
Brown, G. "The Sometimes Son". The Humanist. 1999, 59, number 1, pp.46-47.
Brown, G., "Self-Administered Desensitization of a Cemetery Phobia Using
Sexual Arousal to Inhibit Anxiety." Journal of Behavior Therapy and
Experimental Psychiatry. 1978, 9, 73-74.
Brown, G. (2000). Treasuring tourette's. Write Brain [On-line], 15.
Available: www.mhsource.com/wb/tourettes.html
Brown, G. (2000, September-October). The trichee. Perspectives, A Mental
Health Magazine [On-line]. Available: http://mentalhelp.net/perspectives/articles/art090620001.htm
Brown, G. (1999). The longest running horror movie. Write Brain [On-line], 10.
Available: www.mhsource.com/wb/movie.html
Brown, G. (1999). Wild child. Write Brain [On-line], 11. Available:
www.mhsource.com/wb/wldchld.html
Ebner, F. "Teaching the Brain to Learn." Kennedy Center News. Vanderbilt
University, 1996, Number 33, Jan/Feb.
Golden, F. "Probing the Chemistry of the Brain." Time Magazine. 2001, Vol. 157, 70-71.
Jacobs, B., van Praag, H., and Gage, F. "Depression and the Birth
and Death of Brain Cells." American Scientist. 2000,vol. 88, 340-346.
Martin, G. Neil. Human Neuropsychogy. Prentice Hall Europe, 1998.
According to the Kennard Principle the earlier in life brain damage occurs the better the chance of
recovery. While this principle is generally true there are exceptions. For example, early damage
to areas of the brain involved in cognitive functions may not even show up until much later in life.
It is difficult to determine at that point the extent of the recovery.
Weissman, G. "The Game is Afoot, or Holmes and Watson at Bellvue.
Discover Magazine. The Walt Disney Company, March, 1986.
1. Little Bubba's Not Ready for Nashville Yet
Autism is usually not diagnosed until the second year of life. However, some children seem to be
affected by autism at birth. They do not relax and conform to the parent's body when they are
picked up and when they are a little older they bang their heads against the side of the crib. It's
not unusual to see autistic children who develop normally until they reach the age of two and
then regress, loosing speech, and other developmental milestones they have already acquired.
Bettelheim, B. The Empty Fortress. New York:Free Press, 1967.
Beginning in the 1950's, Harry Harlow at Wisconsin separated infant monkeys' from their mothers
and put them in solitary confinement. He was interested in studying the effects of early
deprivation, which had already been documented anecdotally in orphanages. The infant
monkeys often displayed "autistic posturing" after solitary confinement, but autism is a much
more complicated syndrome. Auditory perception and communication problems that are central to
autism are not even represented in an animal model.
Brondy, A. and Frost, L. The Picture Exchange Communication System. Solena Beach, CA: Mayer-Johnson, 1997.
Davidovicz, H. M., "Autistic Spectrum Disorders." In F.,Yitzchak, (Ed.).
Pediatric Behavioral Neurology New York: CRC Press, 1996.
A brief summary of autism, including diagnosis and treatment issues is covered in this chapter, as
well as a brief history of the classic papers on autism.
Greenspan, S. Infancy and Early Childhood: The Practice of Clinical
Assessment and Intervention with Emotional and Developmental
Challenges. 1992. International Universities Press, Madison, CT.
Kalat, J. W., Biological Psychology. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1995.
Kluger, J. and Park, A. "The Quest for a Super Kid." Time Magazine. 2001, Vol. 157, 48-55.
Lewis, L. Special Diets for Special Kids. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons, 1998.
This book covers every diet, food supplement, vitamin deficiency, and recipe for "treating" autism
and other developmental disorders. Many parents who bring their children to my clinic ask about
alternative treatments and this is the book I refer them to.
Symons, F. "Interdisciplinary Crossroads: The Brain and Severe Behavioral
Problems." Kennedy Center News, Vanderbilt University, 37, pp. 2-3, 1997
Taylor, B., Miller, E. , Farrington, C. P., Petropoulos, M., Favor-Maynaud, I., Li, J.,
and Waight, P. A. "Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no
epidemiological evidence for a causal association". The Lancet. 1999, Vol. 353, 2026-2029.
Williams, Donna. Nobody Nowhere. New York: Avon Books, 1992.
2. The Half-Dead Child de Jour
Anna O. developed hysterical paralysis in three limbs, visual problems, an eating disorder, and a
cough while taking care of her dying father. This case led Freud into his theory of psychoanalysis,
but apparently he ignored the fact that his patient became worse after treatment. See "The
Story of Anna O.': A Critical Review with New Data," Journal of the History of the Behavioral
Sciences, 1972, Vol. III, No. 3, p. 279.
Hypnosis is rarely used nowadays to treat conversion reactions (hysteria) because of its poor
track record. (It's doubtful that a child Jamie's age could even be hypnotized.) However,
conversion reactions do occur in children and they can be treated successfully with behavioral
interventions.
Barinaga, M. "Synapses Call the Shots." Science, 2000, vol. 290, 736-738.
Brown, G. (2000, June-August). Dead arm de jour. Perspectives, A Mental
Health Magazine [On-line]. Available: http://mentalhelp.net/perspectives/articles/art060120001.htm
Clark, R. W., Freud The Man and the Cause, Random House, New York, 1980.
3. The Sometimes Son
In the Parents Speak column in the Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders, Vol. 10, No 2, 1980 it is postulated that fever and stress improve performance because
the amount of the neurotransmitter serotonin underlying attention increases. As I mentioned
earlier the autistic children I've seen on the SSRI's improve dramatically, but they do not come
close to the improvement Kevin showed when he had a fever.
Rodier, P. M. "The Early Origins of Autism." Scientific American. 2000, Feb., 56-63.
Sherman, P. W. and Flaxman, S. M. "Protecting Ourselves from Food."
American Scientist. 2001, Vol. 89, 142-153.
4. The Longest Running Horror Movie
Sometimes phobias can be traced back to a traumatic event like the one that happened to David
in the back seat of his parents' car. But personal experience with a feared object or situation is
not necessary. Observation of someone with a phobia may be sufficient to establish a phobia.
(One of my kids developed a thunderstorm phobia because a worker at her day care became
very upset and hid under a table whenever she heard thunder.)
Brown, G. E., Guthrie, R. and Blaes, P. Fear Conditioning and extinction as a
function of escape from black to white vs. escape from white to black."
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 1975, 5, 450-452.
We replicated Miller's 1948 experiment in which rats were conditioned to escape mild electrical
shock by running from a white chamber to a black chamber. After the shock was turned off the
rats continued to run from the white to the black chamber. Miller's explanation was running
reduced fear cues elicited by the white chamber. In other words, the rats had acquired a phobia
to the white chamber. However, in our experiment we found that rats run from a black chamber
to a white chamber do not continue to run after shock is turned off so little if any fear
conditioning took place. The association between black and safety is probably hardwired into the
rats' brain. (See Watson and Rayner below.)
Jones, M. C. A Laboratory Study of Fear: "The Case of Little Peter". Pedagogical
Seminary 1924, 31, 308-15.
Kluger, J. "Fear Not!" Time Magazine. 2001, Vol. 157, No. 13, 52.
Mineka, S., Davidson, M., Cook, M., and Weir, R. "Observational Conditioning of
Snake Fear in Monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1984, 93, 355-372.
Seligman, M. E. P. "Phobias and Preparedness". Behavior Therapy, 1971, 2, 307-320.
Strachey, A. and J. (trans.) The Collected Papers of Sigmund Freud,
Volume III, Basic Books, New York, 1959.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner R. "Conditioned Emotional Reactions". Journal of
Experimental Psychology,1920, 3, 1-14.
Watson thought that phobias could be classically conditioned if any neutral stimulus was paired
with an aversive stimulus. He presented a tame laboratory rat to a two-year old child, who
initially showed no fear of the rat, at the same time as a loud noise. After a number of pairings
the rat presented by itself elicited fear in the child and Watson thought he had conditioned a
phobia.
Bregman used the same procedure in her 1934 experiment, but paired the loud sound with more
"neutral" objects such as a block of wood or a piece of cloth. She was not able to establish a
fear response in any of the children and stated the rat in Watson's experiment must have had an
"inherent capacity" to frighten the child in the first place. (See the introduction to the Brown, et
al experiment cited above.)
Wolpe, J., Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford University Press,
California, 1958.
5. Wild Child
In addition to his numerous other problems Josh was small for his age. Failure to Thrive
Syndrome is a general diagnosis made when a child does not grow relative to the height/weight
charts. There are organic causes of failure to thrive such as disease as well as
neuropsychological causes.
In the early nineteen hundreds orphanages in this country and Europe had a high mortality rate
because of a lack of "mothering". Apparently, a lack of maternal-child emotional interaction can
turn off the production of growth hormone. Other causes of failure to thrive syndrome are
maternal mental illness or substance abuse. If untreated failure to thrive syndrome can be fatal.
Ames, E. W. The development of Romanian orphanage children adopted to
Canadians. (Final report to Human Resources Development, Canada).
Bettelheim, Bruno. Recollections and Reflections. London:Thames and Hudson, 1990.
Dennis, W. Children of the Creche. New york: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1973.
Itard, J. M. C. The Wild Boy of Aveyron. New York:Century, 1932.
6. Maybe She'll Just Chew Tobacco When She Grows Up
Anderson, L. T. and Ernst, M. "Self-Injury in Lesch-Nyhan Disease". Journal of
Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1994, 24, 67-81.
In five day old rats chemical disruption of the development of neurons containing dopamine
causes significant self-mutilation. Drugs that act on dopamine should be therapeutic for
individuals suffering from Lesch-Nyhan Disease.
Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.
Weiss, Rick. "Why Don't We Eat Our Own Kind?" Washington Post. 1998, A3 (1).
7. The Night Life Ain't No Good Life
Barkley, R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self Control. New York:Guilford, 1997.
Dickinson, A.. "Eyes Wide Shut." Time Magazine. 2000, Vol. 156, No. 20.
Holden, C. (Ed.) "Training for a Brain Game:" Science. 2000, Vol. 289,
1461.
Holden, C. (Ed.). "Putting Kids on Drugs to Fight Drugs." Science.
1999, Vol. 285, 1007.
Marshall, E. (Ed.). "Duke Study Finds Overuse of Stimulants for Children."
Science. 2000, Vol. 289, 721.
Ripley, A. "Ritalin: Mom's Little Helper." Time Magazine. 2000, Vol. 157, No. 6.
73.
Smith, I. K. "Ritalin for Toddlers." Time Magazine. 2000, Vol. 156, No. 21, 84.
Zito, J. M., Safer, D. J., dos Reis, S., Gardner, J. F., Boles, M. and Lynch, F.
"Trends in the Prescribing of Psychotropic Medications to Preschoolers."
Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000, Vol. 283, 10251030.
8. The Trichee
Bordnick, P. S., Thyer, B. A., and Ritchie, B. W. "Feather Picking Disorder and
Trichotillomania: An Avian Model of Human Psychopathology." Journal
Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1994, Vol. 25, No. 3,
189-196.
9. Treasuring Tourette's
Haloperidol is an effective but unpopular treatment for Tourette's. In animal models of Tourette's
nicotine potentiates the effects of haloperidol. In other words, a smaller dose of haloperidol can
be effectively given. I don't know of any studies that have used nicotine to potentiate
haloperidal in humans with Tourette's. Patients with schizophrenia are deficient in nicotinic
cholinergic neural transmission. Many smoke to make up for their nicotine deficiency.
Kushner, H. I. A Cursing Brain? The Histories of Tourette's. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1999.
Robertson, M. M. and Stern, J. S. "The Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome." Critical
Reviews in Neurobiology, 1997, 11(1), 1-19.
Hope Press publishes books on Tourette's, ADHD, and other behavioral problems. See http://www.hopepress.com/
for their list.
Olson, M. "Tourette's Syndrome and Tics." In Frank,Yitzchak, (Ed.).
Pediatric Behavioral Neurology New York: CRC Press, 1996.
Tourette's seems to be a basal ganglia disorder. Huntington's Chorea is a much more serious
basal ganglia disorder, which totally incapacitates the patient, behaviorally, emotionally,
intellectually, and in motor function. The disorder can occur at any stage of life and has a genetic
basis.
10. A Flashdance of Normality.
Brown, G. E., Nordloh, S., and Donowitz, A. J. "Systematic Desensitization of
Oral Hypersensitivity in a Patient with a Closed Head Injury." Dysphagia,
1992, 7, 138-141.
AAMR (1992). Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of
support, 9th Edition.
Costeff, H. "Mental retardation." In Yitzchak, Frank (Ed.) Pediatric Behavioral
Neurology. New York:CRC Press, 1996.
Fuller, P. R. "Operant Conditioning of a Vegetative Human Organism." American
Journal of Psychology. 1949, 62, 587-590.
Kalat, James W., Biological Psychology Belmont: Wadsworth, 1995.
Mental retardation is an impairment of cognitive functioning related to problems with brain
development. Genetic glitches can cause chromosomal problems as seen in Down Syndrome, or
inborn errors of metabolism as seen is disorders such as Phenylketonuria (PKU). Toxins can also
mess up the development of the embryo as commonly seen in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. And head
trauma, anoxia, malnutrition, and sensory deprivation, can produce children with mental
retardation ranging from mild to severe.
11. Silently Screaming
Ashwal, Stephen. The Persistent Vegetative State in Infancy and Childhood." In
Frank,Yitzchak, (Ed.) Pediatric Behavioral Neurology New York: CRC
Press, 1996.
Ballard, A., Tetrud, J. W., and Langston, J. W. "Permanent human Parkinsonism
Due to 1-methyl-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Neurology,
35,949-956, 1985.
Bauby, Jean-Dominique. The Diving-Bell and the Butterfly, Australia:Allen and
Unwin, 1997.
Davis, W. The Serpent and the Rainbow. Chapel Hill:The University of
North Carolina Press, 1982.
Tetrodotoxin blocks sodium channels in the neuron and no signals can be sent. Paralysis and
usually death are the result. The puffer fish the voodoo priest uses in the Caribbean to extract
the toxin is a cousin of the puffer fish found in Japanese waters.
Puffer fish in Japan is considered a delicacy that must be prepared by a licensed chef. There are
1500 fugu (puffer fish) restaurants in Japan and each year several hundred people are
accidentally poisoned. The death rate from fugu poisoning in Japan is 61%.
See the correspondence section of "The New England Journal of Medicine." 1994, 331, 1380-1381
for a discussion on the recommendations of The Multi-Society Task Force on the Persistent
Vegetative State.
Tresch, D., Sims, F., Duthie, E. Goldstein, M., and Lane, P. "Clinical
Characteristics of Patients in the Persistent Vegetative State", Archives of
Internal Medicine, 1991, 151, 930-932.
There are a number of good web sites, which discuss the persistent vegetative state and locked
in syndrome. See http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/neuro/neuroexam/v221.html.
12. Twinship
Brown, G. E., Nordloh, S., and Donowitz, A. J. "Systematic Desensitization of
Oral Hypersensitivity in a Patient with a Closed Head Injury." Dysphagia,
1992, 7, 138-141.
Howlin, P. "Living with Impairment: the Effects on Children of having an Autistic
Sibling." See http://mugsy.org/howlin.htm.
The studies that have been done on the effects of having a sibling with a neuropsychological
disorder are conflicting. Some studies and anecdotal reports show an adverse effect on the
sibling without the neuropsychological disorder while other have not. Girls seem to be more
adversely effected than boys. Psychological problems in the parents such as depression and a
host of other factors must be considered when examining this issue.
Kaplan, P. R. and Evans, R. J. "A case of functional dysphagia treated on the
model of fear of fear." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental
Psychiatry. 1978, 9, 71-72.
Kates WR, Mostofsky S, Zimmerman AW, Mazzocco MMM, Landa R, Warsofsky
IS, Kaufmann WE, and Reiss AL. Neuroanatomic and neurocognitve differences in a pair of MZ
twins disconcordant for autism. Ann Neurol. 1998;43(6):782-791.
Mauron, A "Is the Genome the Secular Equivalent of the Soul?" Science. 2001,
Vol. 291, 83-84.
13. The Boy Who Seized Control
Seizures can be triggered by lights and sounds, as well as a host of other stimuli. In rats it is
easy to demonstrate audiogenic and photogenic seizures. The strain of rats used makes a
difference so apparently genetics plays a role in susceptibility.
Seizures are also observed in pets, farm animals, and animals in the wild. Animals in captivity
tend to have more seizures than animals in the wild so again stress is obviously a factor.
Solomon, G. E. and Pfeffer, C. "Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Epilepsy." In
Yitzchak, Frank (Ed.) Pediatric Behavioral Neurology. New York:CRC
Press, 1996.
14. Poor Kids>
Costeff, H. "Mental retardation." In Yitzchak, Frank (Ed.) Pediatric
Behavioral Neurology. New York:CRC, Press, 1996.
Kolb, B. and Whishaw, I. Q. Brain and Behavior. New York:Worth Publishers, 2001.
The children with cerebral palsy I'd seen standing in line didn't have appointments with me.
Cerebral palsy is a disease of the motor system and cognition is not effected.
In 1853, an English physician named William Little suggested that difficult births caused motor
problems in kids. Usually, these kids are normal until the motor system starts to develop when
they are several months old. Spasticity and dyskinesia (involuntary extraneous movements) are
the most common symptoms. Anoxia at birth is the most common cause of cerebral palsy and I
wondered if home deliveries in the poor county I was in were a factor.
15. Smiling Sally
Seidl, R., Tiefenthaler, M. Hauser, E. and Lubec, G. "Effects of Transdermal
Nicotine on Cognitive Performance in Down's Syndrome." The Lancet,
2000, 356, 1409-1410.
Sundheim, S., Ryan, R. M. and Voeller, K. "Mental Retardation" In Coffey, C. E.,
and Brumback, R. A. (Eds.) Textbook of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry,
Washington, D. C.:American Psychiatric Press, 1998.
16. The Lambs are Not Always So Silent
Brown, G. E., Remley, N. R. (1971). The effects of septal and olfactory bulb
lesions on stimulus reactivity. Physiology and Behavior, 6, 497-501.
Rats with septal lesions and decorticate cats display an explosive rage behavior when confronted
with a mild, non-threatening stimulus. In his observations of decorticate cats Walter Cannon
used the term sham rage to describe this behavior. The rage behavior observed in Darlene and
other head trauma patients resembles the sham rage seen in Cannon's cats.
Davidson, R. J., Putnam, K. M., and Larson, C. L. "Dysfunction in the Neural
Circuits of Emotion Regulation-a Possible Prelude to Violence." Science. 2000, 289, 591-594.
Enserink, M. "Searching for the Mark of Cain." Science, 2000, 289, 575-579.
Holden, C. "The Violence of the Lambs. Science. 2000, 289, 580-581.
17. The Old Turkey Vulture Trick
Wolfe, M., Burnbrauer, J., Williams, T., and Fowler, M. (1965). "A Note on
Apparent Extinction of the Vomiting Behavior of a Retarded Child." In L. P.
Ulman and L. Krasner (Eds.) Case Studies in Behavior Modification
(pp364-366). New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
18. The Usual Suspects
Golden, F. "Probing the Chemistry of the Brain." Time Magazine. 2001, Vol. 157,70-71.
Brenda did not have a neuropsychological or a psychiatric disorder. Her grandparents' ideas
about psychic stress were responsible for her behavioral problems. Unfortunately, the usual
suspects are not always caught. Medications are too often the front line offense. Drug
companies are spending (betting) six billion dollars a year on research and development. Over a
hundred new psychoactive drugs are now in clinical trials. And drugs, which have already been
approved, are being tried in new areas. The National Institute on Drug Abuse has five drugs
originally developed for treating Parkinson's under investigation for treating cocaine addiction.
Rodier, P. M. "The Early Origins of Autism." Scientific American. 2000, Feb., 56-63.
19. A Plot Twist in the Last Act
Kolb, B. and Whishaw, I. Q. Brain and Behavior. New York:Worth Publishers,
2001.
20. Just Another Serial Killer Thriller
American Humane Society. "The Cycle of Violence to Children and Animals" See http://www.ohs-spca.org/violence.htm.
I cannot bring a world quite round,
Although I patch it as I can.
Wallace Stevens
|
|
